1Department of Trauma Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
2Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
3Department of Trauma Surgery, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
© 2024 The Korean Society of Traumatology
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: JNL, WBP; Data curation: MJJ, WSC; Formal analysis: MJJ, WBP; Project administration: JNL, WBP; Methodology: WBP; Visualization: MJJ, WSC; Writing–original draft: MJJ, WSC; Writing–review & editing: all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for this study.
Data availability
Data analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Variable |
Doctor helicopter transportation |
P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Before evaluation (n=168) | After evaluation (n=183) | ||
Age (yr) | 55.9 (51.0–69.0) | 62.1 (53.0–76.0) | 0.035 |
Male sex | 127 (75.6) | 142 (77.6) | 0.658 |
Injury mechanism | |||
Motor vehicle accident | 20 (11.9) | 42 (23.0) | 0.007 |
Bicycle | 8 (4.8) | 6 (3.3) | 0.478 |
Motorcycle | 17 (10.1) | 22 (12.0) | 0.571 |
Pedestrian | 10 (6.0) | 12 (6.6) | 0.815 |
Falls | 41 (24.4) | 46 (25.1) | 0.874 |
Slip down | 19 (11.3) | 22 (12.0) | 0.836 |
Struck by object | 40 (23.8) | 16 (8.7) | <0.001 |
Penetrating | 6 (3.6) | 4 (2.2) | 0.436 |
Others | 5 (3.0) | 6 (3.3) | 0.402 |
Unknown | 2 (1.2) | 7 (3.8) | 0.119 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137.5 (119.8–161.0) | 128.9 (108.0–154.5) | 0.018 |
<90 | 13 (34.2) | 25 (65.8) | 0.072 |
Glasgow Coma Scale score | 13.9 (15.0–15.0) | 14.0 (14.0–15.0) | 0.795 |
Revised Trauma Score | 7.5 (7.8–7.8) | 7.5 (7.8–7.8) | 0.806 |
Injury Severity Score | 12.3 (4.0–17.8) | 19.1 (9.0–25.0) | <0.001 |
>16 | 61 (36.3) | 111 (60.7) | < 0.001 |
Trauma and Injury Severity Score | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.362 |
Accident to trauma center arrivala) (min) | 135.6 (81.0–178.8) | 214.5 (120.0–221.0) | <0.001 |
Mortality | 13 (7.7) | 23 (12.6) | 0.094 |
Variable |
Doctor helicopter transportation |
P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Before evaluation (n=168) | After evaluation (n=183) | ||
Transfusion | 36 (21.4) | 68 (37.2) | 0.001 |
4-hr RBC (U) | 5.15±4.1 | 6.04±7.09 | 0.551 |
24-hr RBC (U) | 4.25±3.34 | 3.53±3.47 | 0.374 |
Surgical management (n=64) | 23 (13.7) | 41 (22.4) | 0.035 |
Brain | 7 (4.2) | 14 (7.7) | 0.169 |
Spine | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0.952 |
Thorasic | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0.952 |
Abdomen | 2 (1.2) | 11 (6.0) | 0.017 |
Vascular | 3 (1.8) | 6 (3.3) | 0.377 |
Extremity | 7 (4.2) | 7 (3.8) | 0.870 |
Other | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) | 0.513 |
Angioembolization (n=20) | 6 (3.6) | 14 (7.7) | 0.100 |
Spleen | 2 (1.2) | 4 (2.2) | 0.472 |
Liver | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0.337 |
Kidney | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0.337 |
Pelvic | 3 (1.8) | 8 (4.4) | 0.165 |
Others | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 0.296 |
Accident to trauma center arrivala) (min) | |||
Surgical management group | 112.7 (77.0–133.0) | 184.5 (120.0–237.5) | 0.002 |
Angioembolization group | 173.7 (76.5–225.0) | 235.8 (118.8–337.5) | 0.472 |
Accident to operationb) or interventionc) room (min) | |||
Surgical management group | 269.0 (190.0–306.0) | 297.5 (199.8–388.8) | 0.363 |
Angioembolization group | 289.8 (199.5–387.8) | 310.9 (186.0–397.3) | 0.804 |
Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
RBC, red blood cell.
a)Time taken from the scene of the accident to the regional trauma center.
b)Time taken from the scene of the accident to the operation time.
c)Time taken from the scene of the accident to the angioembolization time.
Variable | Doctor helicopter transportation |
P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Before evaluation (n=168) | After evaluation (n=183) | ||
Age (yr) | 55.9 (51.0–69.0) | 62.1 (53.0–76.0) | 0.035 |
Male sex | 127 (75.6) | 142 (77.6) | 0.658 |
Injury mechanism | |||
Motor vehicle accident | 20 (11.9) | 42 (23.0) | 0.007 |
Bicycle | 8 (4.8) | 6 (3.3) | 0.478 |
Motorcycle | 17 (10.1) | 22 (12.0) | 0.571 |
Pedestrian | 10 (6.0) | 12 (6.6) | 0.815 |
Falls | 41 (24.4) | 46 (25.1) | 0.874 |
Slip down | 19 (11.3) | 22 (12.0) | 0.836 |
Struck by object | 40 (23.8) | 16 (8.7) | <0.001 |
Penetrating | 6 (3.6) | 4 (2.2) | 0.436 |
Others | 5 (3.0) | 6 (3.3) | 0.402 |
Unknown | 2 (1.2) | 7 (3.8) | 0.119 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137.5 (119.8–161.0) | 128.9 (108.0–154.5) | 0.018 |
<90 | 13 (34.2) | 25 (65.8) | 0.072 |
Glasgow Coma Scale score | 13.9 (15.0–15.0) | 14.0 (14.0–15.0) | 0.795 |
Revised Trauma Score | 7.5 (7.8–7.8) | 7.5 (7.8–7.8) | 0.806 |
Injury Severity Score | 12.3 (4.0–17.8) | 19.1 (9.0–25.0) | <0.001 |
>16 | 61 (36.3) | 111 (60.7) | < 0.001 |
Trauma and Injury Severity Score | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.362 |
Accident to trauma center arrival |
135.6 (81.0–178.8) | 214.5 (120.0–221.0) | <0.001 |
Mortality | 13 (7.7) | 23 (12.6) | 0.094 |
Abbreviated Injury Scale | Doctor helicopter transportation |
P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Before evaluation (n=168) | After evaluation (n=183) | ||
Head and neck | 2.9 (2.0–4.0) | 3.7 (3.0–5.0) | <0.001 |
≥3 | 44 (26.2) | 102 (55.7) | <0.001 |
Face | 1.7 (1.0–2.0) | 1.8 (1.0–2.0) | 0.832 |
≥3 | 2 (1.2) | 3 (1.6) | 0.723 |
Chest | 2.8 (3.0–3.0) | 2.8 (2.3–30) | 0.818 |
≥3 | 46 (27.4) | 60 (32.8) | 0.270 |
Abdomen | 2.3 (2.0–3.0) | 2.8 (2.0–3.0) | 0.013 |
≥3 | 9 (5.4) | 34 (18.6) | <0.001 |
Pelvis and extremities | 2.3 (2.0–3.0) | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | 0.220 |
≥3 | 30 (17.9) | 31 (16.9) | 0.821 |
External | 1.1 (1.0–1.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.0) | 0.845 |
Variable | Doctor helicopter transportation |
P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Before evaluation (n=168) | After evaluation (n=183) | ||
Transfusion | 36 (21.4) | 68 (37.2) | 0.001 |
4-hr RBC (U) | 5.15±4.1 | 6.04±7.09 | 0.551 |
24-hr RBC (U) | 4.25±3.34 | 3.53±3.47 | 0.374 |
Surgical management (n=64) | 23 (13.7) | 41 (22.4) | 0.035 |
Brain | 7 (4.2) | 14 (7.7) | 0.169 |
Spine | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0.952 |
Thorasic | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0.952 |
Abdomen | 2 (1.2) | 11 (6.0) | 0.017 |
Vascular | 3 (1.8) | 6 (3.3) | 0.377 |
Extremity | 7 (4.2) | 7 (3.8) | 0.870 |
Other | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) | 0.513 |
Angioembolization (n=20) | 6 (3.6) | 14 (7.7) | 0.100 |
Spleen | 2 (1.2) | 4 (2.2) | 0.472 |
Liver | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0.337 |
Kidney | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0.337 |
Pelvic | 3 (1.8) | 8 (4.4) | 0.165 |
Others | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 0.296 |
Accident to trauma center arrival |
|||
Surgical management group | 112.7 (77.0–133.0) | 184.5 (120.0–237.5) | 0.002 |
Angioembolization group | 173.7 (76.5–225.0) | 235.8 (118.8–337.5) | 0.472 |
Accident to operation |
|||
Surgical management group | 269.0 (190.0–306.0) | 297.5 (199.8–388.8) | 0.363 |
Angioembolization group | 289.8 (199.5–387.8) | 310.9 (186.0–397.3) | 0.804 |
Variable | Mortality of air transportation patients |
||
---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Age | 1.019 (0.997–1.043) | - | 0.222 |
Sex (reference, male) | 0.770 (0.355–1.673) | - | 0.864 |
DHTBE (reference, DHTAE) | 1.714 (0.838–3.504) | - | 0.498 |
Motor vehicle accident | - | ||
Bicycle (reference) | 0.321 (0.038–2.695) | 0.585 | |
Motorcycle (reference) | 0.758 (0.259–2.218) | 0.841 | |
Pedestrian (reference) | 0.926 (0.264–3.242) | 0.793 | |
Fall (reference) | 0.365 (0.135–0.988) | 0.185 | |
Slip down (reference) | 0.214 (0.045–1.011) | 0.448 | |
Struck by object (reference) | 0 (0–0) | 0.997 | |
Penetrating (reference) | 0 (0–0) | 0.999 | |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.972 (0.961–0.983) | 0.977 (0.963–0.991) | 0.001 |
Injury Severity Score | 1.124 (1.083–1.167) | - | 0.184 |
Transfusion (reference, no) | 14.425 (4.103–50.711) | 12.328 (4.161–36.529) | <0.001 |
Head AIS ≥3 (reference, <3) | 9.718 (2.329–40.544) | 17.666 (5.176–60.300) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). Time taken from the scene of the accident to the medical facility.
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or as number (%).
Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range). RBC, red blood cell. Time taken from the scene of the accident to the regional trauma center. Time taken from the scene of the accident to the operation time. Time taken from the scene of the accident to the angioembolization time.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DHTBE, doctor helicopter transportation before evaluation; DHTAE, doctor helicopter transportation after evaluation; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale.