Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gaziler Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
© 2022 The Korean Society of Traumatology
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethical statements
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of NAME (No. E1-20-838). The study was also registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov database (No. NCT04674631). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
None.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: MÖA, GKK, KA; Data curation: MÖA, GKK, FÖ, YD; Formal analysis: MÖA, GKK, FÖ, YD; Methodology: MÖA, GKK, KA; Writing–original draft: MÖA, YD; Writing–review & editing: all authors.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Variable | Total (n=98) | Patients with NP (n=52) | Patients without NP (n=46) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 29.73±6.26 | 29.53±6.53 | 29.95±6.00 | 0.438 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.95±3.10 | 24.92±0.42 | 24.98±0.47 | 0.921 |
Marital status | 0.926 | |||
Single | 58 (59.2) | 31 (59.6) | 27 (58.7) | |
Married | 40 (40.8) | 21 (40.4) | 19 (41.3) | |
Education | 0.565 | |||
<High school | 75 (76.5) | 41 (78.8) | 34 (26.1) | |
≥High school | 23 (23.5) | 11 (21.2) | 12 (73.9) | |
Smoking | 0.546 | |||
Smoker | 63 (64.3) | 32 (61.5) | 31 (67.4) | |
Nonsmoker | 35 (35.7) | 20 (38.5) | 15 (32.6) | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.239 | |||
Drinker | 11 (11.2) | 4 (7.7) | 7 (15.2) | |
Nondrinker | 87 (88.8) | 48 (92.3) | 39 (84.8) | |
Time since injury (mo) | 43.56±72.48 | 46.36±77.39 | 40.39±67.22 | 0.492 |
Etiology | 0.129 | |||
Mine | 12 (12.2) | 6 (11.5) | 6 (13) | |
Explosives | 19 (19.4) | 8 (15.4) | 11 (23.9) | |
Gunshot | 43 (43.9) | 26 (50.0) | 17 (37.0) | |
Rocket | 10 (10.2) | 8 (15.4) | 2 (4.4) | |
Other (e.g., car accident) | 14 (14.3) | 4 (7.7) | 10 (21.7) | |
Injury site | ||||
Right upper extremity | 20 (20.4) | 13 (25.0) | 7 (15.2) | 0.230 |
Left upper extremity | 22 (22.4) | 13 (25.0) | 9 (19.6) | 0.520 |
Right lower extremity | 49 (50.0) | 28 (53.8) | 21 (45.7) | 0.418 |
Left lower extremity | 44 (44.9) | 24 (46.2) | 20 (43.5) | 0.790 |
Injury type | ||||
Peripheral nerve injury | 58 (59.2) | 40 (76.9) | 18 (39.1) | <0.001* |
Fracture | 50 (51.0) | 27 (51.9) | 23 (50.0) | 0.849 |
Amputation | 25 (25.5) | 11 (21.2) | 14 (30.4) | 0.293 |
Duration of pain (mo) | 23.27±44.04 | 20.03±25.07 | 26.93±58.67 | 0.065 |
Current medical treatment | ||||
Pregabalin | 21 (21.4) | 21 (40.4) | 0 | |
Gabapentin | 3 (3.1) | 3 (5.8) | 0 | |
Narcotic analgesics | 5 (5.1) | 3 (5.8) | 2 (4.3) | 0.750 |
Paracetamol | 10 (10.2) | 4 (7.7) | 6 (13.0) | 0.382 |
NSAIDs | 14 (14.3) | 5 (9.6) | 9 (19.6) | 0.160 |
Etiology | Patients with neuropathic pain |
---|---|
Peripheral nerve injury | 40 (76.9) |
Complex regional pain syndrome | 1 (1.9) |
Neuroma | 8 (15.4) |
Phantom limb pain | 3 (5.8) |
Variable | Total (n=98) | Patients with NP (n=52) | Patients without NP (n=46) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 29.73±6.26 | 29.53±6.53 | 29.95±6.00 | 0.438 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.95±3.10 | 24.92±0.42 | 24.98±0.47 | 0.921 |
Marital status | 0.926 | |||
Single | 58 (59.2) | 31 (59.6) | 27 (58.7) | |
Married | 40 (40.8) | 21 (40.4) | 19 (41.3) | |
Education | 0.565 | |||
<High school | 75 (76.5) | 41 (78.8) | 34 (26.1) | |
≥High school | 23 (23.5) | 11 (21.2) | 12 (73.9) | |
Smoking | 0.546 | |||
Smoker | 63 (64.3) | 32 (61.5) | 31 (67.4) | |
Nonsmoker | 35 (35.7) | 20 (38.5) | 15 (32.6) | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.239 | |||
Drinker | 11 (11.2) | 4 (7.7) | 7 (15.2) | |
Nondrinker | 87 (88.8) | 48 (92.3) | 39 (84.8) | |
Time since injury (mo) | 43.56±72.48 | 46.36±77.39 | 40.39±67.22 | 0.492 |
Etiology | 0.129 | |||
Mine | 12 (12.2) | 6 (11.5) | 6 (13) | |
Explosives | 19 (19.4) | 8 (15.4) | 11 (23.9) | |
Gunshot | 43 (43.9) | 26 (50.0) | 17 (37.0) | |
Rocket | 10 (10.2) | 8 (15.4) | 2 (4.4) | |
Other (e.g., car accident) | 14 (14.3) | 4 (7.7) | 10 (21.7) | |
Injury site | ||||
Right upper extremity | 20 (20.4) | 13 (25.0) | 7 (15.2) | 0.230 |
Left upper extremity | 22 (22.4) | 13 (25.0) | 9 (19.6) | 0.520 |
Right lower extremity | 49 (50.0) | 28 (53.8) | 21 (45.7) | 0.418 |
Left lower extremity | 44 (44.9) | 24 (46.2) | 20 (43.5) | 0.790 |
Injury type | ||||
Peripheral nerve injury | 58 (59.2) | 40 (76.9) | 18 (39.1) | <0.001 |
Fracture | 50 (51.0) | 27 (51.9) | 23 (50.0) | 0.849 |
Amputation | 25 (25.5) | 11 (21.2) | 14 (30.4) | 0.293 |
Duration of pain (mo) | 23.27±44.04 | 20.03±25.07 | 26.93±58.67 | 0.065 |
Current medical treatment | ||||
Pregabalin | 21 (21.4) | 21 (40.4) | 0 | |
Gabapentin | 3 (3.1) | 3 (5.8) | 0 | |
Narcotic analgesics | 5 (5.1) | 3 (5.8) | 2 (4.3) | 0.750 |
Paracetamol | 10 (10.2) | 4 (7.7) | 6 (13.0) | 0.382 |
NSAIDs | 14 (14.3) | 5 (9.6) | 9 (19.6) | 0.160 |
Etiology | Patients with neuropathic pain |
---|---|
Peripheral nerve injury | 40 (76.9) |
Complex regional pain syndrome | 1 (1.9) |
Neuroma | 8 (15.4) |
Phantom limb pain | 3 (5.8) |
Clinical feature | Patients with NP (n=52) | Patients without NP (n=46) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Visual analogue scale | |||
Average pain during the past 4 wk | 5.80±1.45 | 4.50±2.42 | 0.005* |
Worst pain within the past 4 wk | 8.50±1.42 | 6.89±2.84 | 0.005* |
At rest | 4.32±2.47 | 2.52±2.82 | 0.001* |
At movement | 5.96±2.05 | 4.86±2.69 | 0.042* |
Night pain | 5.03±2.67 | 2.80±3.00 | <0.001* |
LANSS | 18.05±3.65 | 3.80±3.73 | <0.001* |
36-Item Short Form Survey | |||
Physical functioning | 49.51±25.19 | 55.69±27.85 | 0.217 |
Role limitation due to physical health | 29.08±38.30 | 29.01±36.57 | 0.740 |
Pain | 36.83±25.83 | 48.72±27.75 | 0.070 |
General health status | 51.22±20.72 | 54.88±21.05 | 0.368 |
Vitality | 47.65±25.16 | 53.72±22.30 | 0.219 |
Role limitation due to emotional problems | 49.48±29.86 | 52.03±26.99 | 0.831 |
Social relations | 38.83±43.21 | 39.53±43.19 | 0.906 |
Mental health | 53.61±22.59 | 58.51±24.54 | 0.308 |
Beck Depression Inventory (total) | 15.32±9.60 | 14.39±11.08 | 0.423 |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | |||
Sleep quality | 1.64±0.74 | 1.34±0.91 | 0.087 |
Sleep latency | 1.86±1.01 | 1.56±0.97 | 0.127 |
Sleep duration | 1.48±0.99 | 1.04±1.030 | 0.025* |
Sleep efficiency | 0.50±0.73 | 0.36±0.74 | 0.164 |
Sleep disturbance | 1.80±0.67 | 1.43±0.69 | 0.016* |
Use of sleep medication | 0.66±1.17 | 0.40±0.99 | 0.182 |
Daytime dysfunction | 1.12±0.93 | 1.02±0.92 | 0.642 |
Total | 9.06±3.70 | 7.18±4.00 | 0.020* |
Variable | r | P-value |
---|---|---|
Time since injury (mo) | –0.009 | 0.951 |
Duration of pain (mo) | –0.075 | 0.598 |
Visual analogue scale | ||
Average pain during the past 4 wk | 0.169 | 0.231 |
Worst pain within the past 4 wk | 0.211 | 0.134 |
At rest | 0.226 | 0.025 |
At movement | 0.376* | 0.006* |
Night pain | 0.21 | 0.136 |
36-Item Short Form Survey | ||
Physical functioning | –0.100 | 0.493 |
Role limitation due to physical health | –0.048 | 0.745 |
Pain | –0.066 | 0.654 |
General health status | –0.326* | 0.022* |
Vitality | –0.111 | 0.450 |
Role limitation due to emotional problems | –0.207 | 0.154 |
Social relations | –0.049 | 0.738 |
Mental health | –0.118 | 0.421 |
Beck Depression Inventory (total) | –0.027 | 0.848 |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | ||
Sleep quality | 0.214 | 0.136 |
Sleep latency | 0.249 | 0.081 |
Sleep duration | –0.014 | 0.922 |
Sleep efficiency | 0.066 | 0.651 |
Sleep disturbance | 0.374* | 0.007* |
Use of sleep medication | 0.007 | 0.964 |
Daytime dysfunction | 0.032 | 0.824 |
Total | 0.181 | 0.208 |
Variable | Odds ratio | 95% Confidence interval | P-valuea) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.984 | 0.907–1.068 | 0.698 |
Duration of pain (mo) | 1.009 | 0.997–1.021 | 0.150 |
36-Item Short Form Survey (pain) | 1.002 | 0.977–1.027 | 0.887 |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | |||
Sleep duration | 0.606 | 0.293–1.252 | 0.176 |
Sleep disturbance | 0.626 | 0.230–1.708 | 0.361 |
Total | 1.178 | 0.877–1.582 | 0.278 |
Poor sleep quality (≥6) | 0.955 | 0.205–4.455 | 0.953 |
Visual analogue scale | |||
At movement (≥5) | 0.805 | 0.219–2.956 | 0.744 |
Average pain during the past 4 wk (≥5) | 6.711 | 1.772–25.412 | 0.005* |
Night pain (≥5) | 2.785 | 0.967–8.020 | 0.058 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). NP, neuropathic pain; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. P<0.05.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. NP, neuropathic pain; LANSS, Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs. P<0.05.
LANSS, Leeds Assess¬ment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs. P<0.05.
Wald test. P<0.05.