Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

J Trauma Inj : Journal of Trauma and Injury

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Articles

Page Path
HOME > J Trauma Inj > Volume 33(2); 2020 > Article
Original Article
Effects of Massive Transfusion Protocol Implementation in Trauma Patients at a Level I Trauma Center
Hyun Woo Sun, M.D., Sang Bong Lee, M.D., Sung Jin Park, M.D., Chan Ik Park, M.D., Jae Hun Kim, M.D.
Journal of Trauma and Injury 2020;33(2):74-80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2020.022
Published online: June 30, 2020
  • 6,494 Views
  • 191 Download
  • 2 Crossref

Department of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea

Correspondence to Sang Bong Lee, M.D. Department of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea Tel: +82-51-240-7369 Fax: +82-51-247-7719 E-mail: scout79x@hanmail.net
• Received: April 20, 2020   • Revised: May 22, 2020   • Accepted: June 11, 2020

Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society of Trauma

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next
  • Purpose
    This study was conducted to investigate whether rapid and efficient administration of blood products was achieved and whether clinical outcomes were improved by applying a massive transfusion protocol (MTP).
  • Methods
    From January 2016 to September 2019, the medical records of trauma patients who received at least 10 units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) at Pusan National University Hospital (level I trauma center) were retrospectively reviewed. The patients treated from January 2016 to January 2018 were designated as the non-MTP group, and those treated from February 2018 to September 2019 were designated as the MTP group.
  • Results
    During the study period, 370 patients received massive transfusions. The non-MTP and MTP groups comprised 84 and 55 patients, respectively. No significant between-group differences were found in the units of PRBC (23.2 vs. 25.3, respectively; p=0.46), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (21.1 vs. 24.4, respectively; p=0.40), and platelets (PLT) (15.4 vs. 17.0, respectively; p=0.54) administered in the first 24 hours. No statistically significant differences between the non-MTP and MTP groups were found in the FFP-to-PRBC ratio (0.9 vs. 0.94, respectively; p=0.44) and or the PLT-to-PRBC ratio (0.72 vs. 0.72, respectively; p=0.21). However, the total number of cryoprecipitate units was significantly higher in the MTP group than in the non-MTP group (7.4 vs. 15.3 units, respectively; p=0.003) and the ratio of cryoprecipitate to PRBC in the MTP group was significantly higher than in the non-MTP group (0.31 vs. 0.62, respectively; p=0.021). The time to transfusion was significantly reduced after MTP implementation (41.0 vs. 14.9 minutes, respectively; p=0.003).
  • Conclusions
    Although no significant differences were found in the clinical outcomes of patients who had undergone severe trauma, rapid and balanced transfusion was achieved after implementing the MTP.
Massive transfusion is commonly defined as a transfusion of more than 10 units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) in 24 hours [1-3]. Crystalloid solutions are commonly used during resuscitation of patients who have undergone trauma with hemorrhagic shock. However, the rapid administration of blood products is currently encouraged. In addition, balanced transfusions of PRBC, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and platelets (PLT) are known to improve coagulopathy caused by hemorrhagic shock. Several studies have shown that administering PRBC, FFP, and PLT at a ratio of 1:1:1 or higher reduces mortality and improves treatment outcomes [4-6]. A massive transfusion protocol (MTP) is required for efficient massive transfusion, as it aims to rapidly and effectively deliver the blood products that are necessary for trauma resuscitation. Many trauma centers have implemented MTPs to deliver blood products, resulting in improved patient outcomes and mortality [7-9]. Accordingly, we also introduced a MTP in February 2018 and have applied it in the context of massive transfusions in severe trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether rapid and efficient administration of blood products was achieved by applying the MTP, and whether mortality and clinical outcomes were improved through this approach.
The medical records of patients who received greater than 10 units of PRBC during the first 24 hours after presenting to the emergency department of the trauma center of Pusan National University Hospital from January 2016 to September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The institution’s MTP was implemented in February 2018. Patients were divided into a non-MTP group and an MTP group according to whether they were treated before or after implementation of the MTP. The MTP group comprised only patients transfused by applying MTP who received more than 10 units of PRBC. In both groups, patients who were transferred after initiation of blood transfusion at another institution, children (under 18 years of age), and patients without abdominal injuries were excluded. The reason for excluding patients without abdominal injuries is that abdominal injuries are the most common indication for massive transfusion and the most common cause of death from hypovolemic shock. In addition, excluding orthopedic and neurosurgery patients served as a way to control for potential inconsistencies in the process of patient treatment.
The demographic and clinical data collected included age, sex, injury severity score (ISS), abdominal organ injury scale (OIS), mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), duration to death, cause of death, total blood product count, time to transfusion, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and number of days on mechanical ventilation. At Pusan National University Hospital, the MTP consists of three stages of delivery, and MTP activation is indicated in cases where active bleeding is found or where there is either no response or a minimal response of vital signs despite initial fluid resuscitation (Fig. 1). When a patient arrives at the trauma bay and meets the MTP activation criteria, the MTP is activated by the emergency medical staff and tranexamic acid is simultaneously administered. Boxes 1 and 2 supply O+ blood products without a screening test before transfusion, allowing rapid transfusion. Usually, by the time that box 3 is administered, the screening test has been completed and blood products suitable for the patient are supplied. After box 2, laboratory tests (complete blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastic time, fibrinogen, ionized calcium levels, electrolyte levels, arterial blood gas analysis, and lactic acid levels) are performed, and box 3 is repeatedly administered until sufficient resuscitation is achieved.
The total count of PRBC, FFP, PLT, and cryoprecipitate units administered during the 24-hour period from the time of arrival at the emergency department was recorded for each patient, and the ratios of FFP to PRBC, PLT to PRBC, and cryoprecipitate to PRBC were calculated. The count of total blood products and differences in the ratios of FFP to PRBC, PLT to PRBC, and cryoprecipitate to PRBC administered to the non-MTP and MTP groups were compared. We also compared the mortality rate, mortality due to hypovolemic shock, time to transfusion, ICU LOS, hospital LOS, and the duration of mechanical ventilation between the two groups. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Pusan National University Hospital (IRB No. H-1910-038-084).
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The Student t-test was used to compare the means of continuous variables. The chi-square test was used to analyze categorical data, and the z-test was used to compare the two populations. A p-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
From January 2016 to September 2019, a total of 370 patients received massive transfusions at the trauma center of Pusan National University Hospital. Of the 194 patients who received treatment before the MTP was implemented, 84 patients were analyzed as part of the non-MTP group. Six patients under the age of 18 years, 21 patients who started transfusion at other institutions, and 83 patients without abdominal injuries were excluded. Of the 176 patients treated after the MTP was implemented, 55 patients were analyzed as part of the MTP group. Fifteen patients under the age of 18 years, 13 patients who started transfusion at other institutions, 81 patients who underwent massive transfusion without MTP activation, and 12 patients without abdominal injuries were excluded.
The demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups are shown in Table 1. Age, sex, ISS, abdominal OIS, mechanism of injury, and GCS were not significantly different between the two groups. Although the time to death was slightly longer in the MTP group, there was no statistically significant difference (5.4 days vs. 8.8 days, respectively; p=0.09).
The total count of PRBC (23.2 units vs. 25.3 units, respectively; p=0.46), FFP (21.1 units vs. 24.4 units, respectively; p=0.40), and PLT (15.4 units vs. 17.0 units, respectively; p=0.54) administered in the first 24 hours was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the total count of cryoprecipitate was significantly higher in the MTP group (7.4 units vs. 15.3 units, respectively; p=0.003).
The ratio of FFP to PRBC (0.9 vs. 0.94, respectively; p=0.44) and the ratio of PLT to PRBC (0.72 vs. 0.72, respectively; p=0.21) did not show statistically significant differences before and after MTP implementation. However, the ratio of cryoprecipitate to PRBC in the MTP group increased significantly (0.31 vs. 0.62, respectively; p=0.021) (Table 2).
The time to transfusion was significantly lower in the MTP group (41.0 minutes vs. 14.9 minutes, respectively; p=0.003). Hospital mortality (50.0% vs. 56.4%, respectively; p=0.465) and hospital LOS (39.5 days vs. 44.2 days, respectively; p=0.343) were not significantly different between the two groups.
The period of mechanical ventilation (9.6 days vs. 12.8 days, respectively; p=0.092) and ICU LOS (12.0 days vs. 15.0 days, respectively; p=0.067) were slightly longer in the MTP group than in the non-MTP group, but no statistically significant difference was observed. The mortality rate due to hypovolemic shock was also slightly lower in the MTP group than in the non-MTP group, but no statistically significant difference was observed (69.0% vs. 48.4%, respectively; p=0.075) (Table 3).
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in patients with severe trauma and has a high mortality rate (39–54%) [10,11]. Continuous hemorrhage causes a lethal triad of hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy, and can lead to death if rapid correction of hypovolemia is not achieved [12]. Crystalloids, such as lactated Ringer’s or normal saline, have been widely used in trauma resuscitation because they are easily accessible. However, crystalloids not only exacerbate the lethal triad, but also lead to the development of abdominal compartment syndrome, cardiac complications, and pulmonary complications. Therefore, the use of crystalloids should be reduced during resuscitation and blood products should be administered as soon as possible. This approach improves patients’ clinical outcomes [13,14]. In the last 20 years, consensus has been reached on the optimal rate of blood product administration during massive transfusion, and the implementation of an MTP for the rapid and efficient delivery of blood products is essential. Several studies have reported that the implementation of MTPs reduced mortality, hospital LOS, and ICU LOS [14-16].
To implement an MTP, it is necessary to make efforts in accordance with the medical environment of each institution, which requires sufficient support and agreement between the relevant departments (i.e., the department of emergency medicine, trauma surgeons, the department of laboratory medicine, and the institutional blood bank) [17]. Korea is in the early stages of introducing its trauma system. The establishment of trauma centers began in 2012, led by the government, and there were few wellestablished MTPs [18,19].
The trauma center of Pusan National University Hospital was established in 2015, and an MTP was implemented in February 2018 after consultation among related departments. Our MTP drew upon previous studies and specifies a 1:1:1 ratio of PRBC, FFP, and PLT [20,21]. After MTP box 2 is used, laboratory tests are performed to enable more accurate blood transfusion. Before MTP implementation, fibrinogen was administered according to laboratory findings, but it is known that proper administration of cryoprecipitate improves patients’ clinical outcomes [22,23]. Although cryoprecipitate is included in the MTP, the ratio of cryoprecipitate was low because consultations with other departments were not sufficient at the initial stages of MTP introduction. We are trying to improve the protocol to increase the volume of cryoprecipitate that is administered.
In this study, the total count of PRBC, FFP, and PLT units administered before and after MTP implementation was not significantly different. The FFP-to-PRBC ratio and the PLT-to-PRBC ratio did not show statistically significant changes after the implementation of the MTP. However, the total count of cryoprecipitate units and the cryoprecipitate-to-PRBC ratio increased significantly in the MTP group. The FFP-to-PRBC and PLTto-PRBC ratios did not change significantly because even before implementation of the MTP, the need for balanced transfusions was widely understood. However, since cryoprecipitate was administered according to the results of laboratory tests prior to implementation of the MTP, balanced transfusion was not achieved.
The most significant result after implementation of the MTP was that the average time to transfusion decreased from 41.1 minutes to 14.9 minutes (p=0.003). In the resuscitation of patients with traumatic hypovolemic shock, the rapid administration of blood products, rather than crystalloids, is the basic principle of trauma resuscitation. Therefore, this difference reflects a clinically important benefit for the patients in the MTP group. However, no differences were found between the two groups in terms of mortality and hospital LOS before and after implementation of the MTP. Furthermore, the ICU LOS and mechanical ventilation period were slightly longer in the MTP group than in the non-MTP group, although this difference was not significant. In addition, mortality due to hypovolemic shock decreased slightly (69.0% vs. 48.4%, respectively; p=0.075) and the time to death was slightly extended after implementation of the MTP (5.4 days vs. 8.4 days, respectively; p=0.09). It is thought that the time to transfusion shortened due to the rapid delivery of blood products after implementation of the MTP, and the treatment opportunities of severe trauma patients increased, resulting in a slight reduction in mortality due to hypovolemic shock and a prolonged time to death.
The present study has some limitations. First, the study adopted a retrospective design; therefore, it was not possible to accurately measure the total amount of crystalloids administered during the first 24 hours. This is a potentially important issue, since the use of crystalloids during resuscitation exacerbates the lethal triad, but it was not possible to determine how crystalloid use affected patients’ clinical outcomes.
Second, the duration of MTP implementation was short. Therefore, the period to demonstrate improvement in patients’ clinical outcomes was limited. Time will also be required for all medical staff involved in trauma resuscitation to adopt the new protocol. Even after the MTP was implemented, more patients underwent massive transfusion without MTP activation than underwent massive transfusion according to the MTP. Therefore, educating medical staff is of paramount importance, and efforts will be required to apply the protocol to all patients who are expected to undergo massive transfusion.
Finally, there may have been patients who died without the opportunity for treatment because the time to transfusion was delayed before implementation of the MTP. If further studies involving these patients are conducted, it will likely be found that the MTP is useful and improves clinical outcomes for severe trauma patients.
Although there was no significant difference in the clinical outcomes of patients who had undergone severe trauma, rapid and balanced transfusion was achieved after implementing the MTP. The protocol will need to be modified to ensure balanced transfusion, and further studies are needed to confirm the improvement in clinical outcomes in these patients.
This work was supported by clinical research grant form Pusan National University Hospital in 2020.
Fig. 1.
Massive transfusion protocol at Pusan National University Hospital, a level I trauma center. MTP: massive transfusion protocol, PRBC: packed red blood cells, FFP: fresh frozen plasma, PLT: platelets, CBC: complete blood count, PT: prothrombin time, aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time, ABGA: arterial blood gas analysis.
jti-2020-022f1.jpg
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the non-MTP and MTP groups.
Characteristics Non-MTP (n=84) MTP (n=55) p-value
Age (years) 54.9±18.2 50.2±16.7 0.30
Male 69 (82.1) 39 (70.9) 0.12
ISS 34.3±10.5 38.5±10.8 0.87
Abdominal OIS 3.3±0.9 3.5±1.1 0.188
Blunt injury 78 (92.9) 51 (92.7) 0.97
GCS 5.6±4.4 5.6±4.4 0.140
Time to death (days) 5.4±11.4 8.8±17.7 0.09

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

Time to death: the non-MTP group included 42 patients and the MTP group included 31 patients.

MTP: massive transfusion protocol, ISS: injury severity score, OIS: organ injury scale, GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale.

Table 2.
Amount and ratio of blood products administered to the non-MTP and MTP groups for the first 24 hours.
Blood product (units) Non-MTP (n=84) MTP (n=55) p-value
PRBC 23.2±15.3 25.3±17.8 0.46
FFP 21.1±15.7 24.4±18.3 0.40
PLT 15.4±10.7 17.0±11.1 0.543
Cryoprecipitate 7.4±8.2 15.3±12.9 0.003
FFP:PRBC 0.90±0.23 0.94±0.17 0.44
PLT:PRBC 0.72±0.34 0.72±0.19 0.207
Cryoprecipitate:PRBC 0.31±0.30 0.62±0.42 0.021

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or mean±ratio.

MTP: massive transfusion protocol, PRBC: packed red blood cells, FFP: fresh frozen plasma, PLT: platelets.

Table 3.
Comparison of the outcomes of patients between the non-MTP and MTP groups
Outcome Non-MTP (n=84) MTP (n=55) p-value
Time to transfusion (minutes) 41.1±46.3 14.9±6.7 0.003
Hospital mortality 42 (50.0) 31 (56.4) 0.465
Death due to hypovolemic shock 29 (69.0) 15 (48.4) 0.075
ICU LOS (days) 12.0±17.5 15.0±22.4 0.067
Hospital LOS (days) 39.5±49.0 44.2±73.3 0.343
Ventilator days (days) 9.6±17.2 12.8±18.8 0.092

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

MTP: massive transfusion protocol, ICU: intensive care unit, LOS: length of stay.

  • 1. Nunn A, Fischer P, Sing R, Templin M, Avery M, Christmas AB. Improvement of treatment outcomes after implementation of a massive transfusion protocol: a level I trauma center experience. Am Surg 2017;82:394–8. Article
  • 2. McDaniel LM, Etchill EW, Raval JS, Neal MD. State of the art: massive transfusion. Transfus Med 2014;24:138–44. ArticlePubMed
  • 3. Holcomb JB, del Junco DJ, Fox EE, Wade CE, Cohen MJ, Schreiber MA, et al. The prospective, observational, multicenter, major trauma transfusion (PROMMTT) study: comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks. JAMA Surg 2013;148:127–36. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 4. Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Repine T, Beekley AC, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007;63:805–13. ArticlePubMed
  • 5. Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, Fox EE, Wade CE, Podbielski JM, et al. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:471–82. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 6. Holcomb JB, Zarzabal LA, Michalek JE, Kozar RA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. Increased platelet:RBC ratios are associated with improved survival after massive transfusion. J Trauma 2011;71(2 Suppl 3):S318–28. ArticlePubMed
  • 7. O’Keeffe T, Refaai M, Tchorz K, Forestner JE, Sarode R. A massive transfusion protocol to decrease blood component use and costs. Arch Surg 2008;143:686–90. ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Hwang K, Kwon J, Cho J, Heo Y, Lee JC, Jung K. Implementation of trauma center and massive transfusion protocol improves outcomes for major trauma patients: a study at a single institution in Korea. World J Surg 2018;42:2067–75. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 9. Lim G, Harper-Kirksey K, Parekh R, Manini AF. Efficacy of a massive transfusion protocol for hemorrhagic trauma resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 2018;36:1178–81. ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, Moser KS, Brennan R, Read RA, et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma 1995;38:182–93. Article
  • 11. Heckbert SR, Vedder NB, Hoffman W, Winn RK, Hudson LD, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Outcome after hemorrhagic shock in trauma patients. J Trauma 1995;45:545–9. Article
  • 12. Rossaint R, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Gordini G, et al. Key issues in advanced bleeding care in trauma. Shock 2006;26:322–31. ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Santry HP, Alam HB. Fluid resuscitation: past, present, and the future. Shock 2010;33:229–41. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 14. Elmer J, Wilcox SR, Raja AS. Massive transfusion in traumatic shock. J Emerg Med 2013;44:829–38. ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Cotton BA, Gunter OL, Isbell J, Au BK, Robertson AM, Morris JA Jr, et al. Damage control hematology: the impact of a trauma exsanguination protocol on survival and blood product utilization. J Trauma 2008;64:1177–82. ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Zaydfudim V, Dutton WD, Feurer ID, Au BK, Pinson CW, Cotton BA. Exsanguination protocol improves survival after major hepatic trauma. Injury 2010;41:30–4. ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Nunez TC, Young PP, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA. Creation, implementation, and maturation of a massive transfusion protocol for the exsanguinating trauma patient. J Trauma 2010;68:1498–1505. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 18. Park JM. Outcomes of the support services for the establishment of regional level 1 trauma centers. J Korean Med Assoc 2016;59:923–30. Article
  • 19. Cho HM. Proposal for stabilization of regional trauma centers in Korea. J Korean Med Assoc 2016;59:931–7. Article
  • 20. Gonzalez EA, Moore FA, Holcomb JB, Miller CC, Kozar RA, Todd SR, et al. Fresh frozen plasma should be given earlier to patients requiring massive transfusion. J Trauma 2007;62:112–9. ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Dente CJ, Shaz BH, Nicholas JM, Harris RS, Wyrzykowski AD, Patel S, et al. Improvement in early mortality and coagulopathy are sustained better in patients with blunt trauma after institution of a massive transfusion protocol in a civilian level I trauma center. J Trauma 2009;66:1616–24. ArticlePubMed
  • 22. Shaz BH, Dente CJ, Harris RS, Macleod JB, Hillyer CD. Transfusion management of trauma patients. Anesth Analg 2009;108:1760–8. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 23. Lier H, Böttiger BW, Hinkelbein J, Krep H, Bernhard M. Coagulation management in multiple trauma. a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2011;37:572–82. ArticlePubMedPDF

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • A Case Study on Simulation Training for Operational Improvements in the Massive Transfusion Protocol
      Sooin Choi, Jongbin Wee, Haeri Jung, Young Soon Cho
      The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion.2024; 35(2): 113.     CrossRef
    • Acquired Factor XIII Deficiency in Patients with Multiple Trauma
      Michael Hetz, Tareq Juratli, Oliver Tiebel, Moritz Tobias Giesecke, Serafeim Tsitsilonis, Hanns-Christoph Held, Franziska Beyer, Christian Kleber
      Injury.2023; 54(5): 1257.     CrossRef

    Figure
    • 0
    Related articles
    Effects of Massive Transfusion Protocol Implementation in Trauma Patients at a Level I Trauma Center
    Image
    Fig. 1. Massive transfusion protocol at Pusan National University Hospital, a level I trauma center. MTP: massive transfusion protocol, PRBC: packed red blood cells, FFP: fresh frozen plasma, PLT: platelets, CBC: complete blood count, PT: prothrombin time, aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time, ABGA: arterial blood gas analysis.
    Effects of Massive Transfusion Protocol Implementation in Trauma Patients at a Level I Trauma Center
    Characteristics Non-MTP (n=84) MTP (n=55) p-value
    Age (years) 54.9±18.2 50.2±16.7 0.30
    Male 69 (82.1) 39 (70.9) 0.12
    ISS 34.3±10.5 38.5±10.8 0.87
    Abdominal OIS 3.3±0.9 3.5±1.1 0.188
    Blunt injury 78 (92.9) 51 (92.7) 0.97
    GCS 5.6±4.4 5.6±4.4 0.140
    Time to death (days) 5.4±11.4 8.8±17.7 0.09
    Blood product (units) Non-MTP (n=84) MTP (n=55) p-value
    PRBC 23.2±15.3 25.3±17.8 0.46
    FFP 21.1±15.7 24.4±18.3 0.40
    PLT 15.4±10.7 17.0±11.1 0.543
    Cryoprecipitate 7.4±8.2 15.3±12.9 0.003
    FFP:PRBC 0.90±0.23 0.94±0.17 0.44
    PLT:PRBC 0.72±0.34 0.72±0.19 0.207
    Cryoprecipitate:PRBC 0.31±0.30 0.62±0.42 0.021
    Outcome Non-MTP (n=84) MTP (n=55) p-value
    Time to transfusion (minutes) 41.1±46.3 14.9±6.7 0.003
    Hospital mortality 42 (50.0) 31 (56.4) 0.465
    Death due to hypovolemic shock 29 (69.0) 15 (48.4) 0.075
    ICU LOS (days) 12.0±17.5 15.0±22.4 0.067
    Hospital LOS (days) 39.5±49.0 44.2±73.3 0.343
    Ventilator days (days) 9.6±17.2 12.8±18.8 0.092
    Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the non-MTP and MTP groups.

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

    Time to death: the non-MTP group included 42 patients and the MTP group included 31 patients.

    MTP: massive transfusion protocol, ISS: injury severity score, OIS: organ injury scale, GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale.

    Table 2. Amount and ratio of blood products administered to the non-MTP and MTP groups for the first 24 hours.

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or mean±ratio.

    MTP: massive transfusion protocol, PRBC: packed red blood cells, FFP: fresh frozen plasma, PLT: platelets.

    Table 3. Comparison of the outcomes of patients between the non-MTP and MTP groups

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

    MTP: massive transfusion protocol, ICU: intensive care unit, LOS: length of stay.


    J Trauma Inj : Journal of Trauma and Injury
    TOP