INTRODUCTION

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a relatively common neurosurgical disease, especially in elderly patients [1-5]. In 2016, its global incidence was reported to be 1–13.5 per 100,000 per year [2], and its incidence continues to increase concomitantly with population aging [4,6]. In roughly two-thirds of cases (most commonly in men), there is a history of minor trauma [2]. Although small CSDHs can be resolved without surgery, surgical treatment is required in most cases [2]. The prognosis of CSDH is relatively favorable, but the postoperative recurrence rate has been reported to range widely, from as little as 2% to as high as 37% [1,2,5,7-10].

Single burr-hole craniostomy and drainage is the most commonly used treatment modality [1,5,8,11], but various surgical techniques, such as multi burr-hole craniostomy, massive irrigation, irrigation with thrombin, small or large craniotomy, and membranectomy, have been reported to reduce recurrence [1,2,11-17], and as a result, controversy exists regarding the optimal surgical method for CSDH.

The present study was performed to compare CSDH recurrence rates after single or double burr-hole drainage with or without irrigation, with the ultimate aim of determining which method is most effective for reducing recurrence.

METHODS

Patient selection

We retrospectively studied the archived medical records of patients who underwent burr-hole craniostomy with drainage for CSDH at a single institution from March 2015 to June 2016. Surgical procedures were classified into the following three groups according to the surgical procedure used at the surgeon’s discretion: single burr-hole craniostomy with drainage, but without irrigation (group A, n=47); single burr-hole craniostomy with drainage and irrigation (group B, n=14); and double burr-hole craniostomy with drainage and irrigation (group C, n=21). In group C, two large burr-holes were used with massive irrigation through each hole to provide more effective subdural space irrigation. Group selection bias was checked using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the chi-square test. During the follow-up period, non-recurrence was defined as the absence of new neurological symptoms with no increase in hemorrhage on follow-up brain computed tomography (CT). We excluded one case of craniotomy performed due to postoperative bleeding and another case in which surgery was required for post-craniostomy empyema. The study was approved beforehand by the Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine (CR317094).

Surgical procedures and management

All patients underwent single or double burr-hole trephination operations with closed drainage under general anesthesia. After dural incision and hemostasis, the outer membrane enclosing the hematoma was opened. In group A, only a drainage catheter was inserted into the hematoma cavity and the operation was terminated. In group B, a drainage catheter was inserted and irrigation was performed through the catheter. In group C, irrigation was performed directly through two burr-holes, so that the irrigation fluid flowing through one burr-hole came out through the other burr-hole, and after sufficient irrigation, a drainage catheter was inserted into the subdural space. In principle, in all patients who received irrigation, it was performed with cold normal saline until the color of the drainage fluid became clear. After surgery, the drainage catheter was connected to a closed drainage system, and all patients were maintained in the supine position and supplied with sufficient fluid to promote brain expansion. All patients underwent brain CT 3 days after surgery to confirm CSDH reduction, and subsequently at 1-week intervals to check for recurrence. All patients were evaluated for recurrence through at least 10 days of inpatient treatment and at follow-up visits extending for at least 3 months.

Statistical analysis

Data were collected on demographic characteristics, comorbidities, radiological factors, the surgical method, and recurrence. The associations of all variables with recurrence were evaluated using the two-sample t-test or the chi-square test (Fisher’s exact test). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the degree to which the surgical method could predict CSDH recurrence, and the results were expressed as odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was accepted for p-values <0.05, and the analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Eighty-two CSDH patients were successfully treated by burr-hole drainage, of whom 73.2% were men. Their mean age was 70.2 years, the overall recurrence rate was 18.3%, and reoperation was required in 7.3% of cases (Table 1).

These measures were compared across the three surgical methods using ANOVA for age and the chi-square test for other parameters to justify combining the three groups of patients (Table 2). No significant differences were found among the three surgical methods. Although no significant difference in recurrence was observed among the three study groups, the recurrence rate in group A (single burr-hole craniostomy with drainage, but without irrigation; n=12; 25.5%) was notably higher than that in groups B (n=1; 7.1%) or C (n=2; 9.5%).

Of the demographic factors and preoperative conditions that were analyzed–including patients’ history–only preoperative antiplatelet medication use was found to be significantly related with CSDH recurrence (p=0.021). Furthermore, single burr-hole craniostomy with drainage, but without irrigation, was found to have a significant association with CSDH recurrence (p=0.049) (Table 1).

The number of burr-holes did not significantly affect recurrence (p=0.332) (Table 3). However, the use of intraoperative irrigation was found to reduce the incidence of recurrence (group A vs. groups B and C; p=0.049) (Table 4). Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that intraoperative irrigation resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the CSDH recurrence rate (OR=0.20; 95% CI: 0.04–0.97), but the use of two burr-holes showed no statistical significance (OR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.60–2.38) (Table 5).

DISCUSSION

CSDH is a relatively common disease that usually occurs after mild trauma in the elderly [1,3,8,18]. It is usually treated surgically and has low postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. However, its postoperative recurrence rate is high; therefore, the question of how best to treat CSDH remains a meaningful topic in the neurosurgical field [5,19].

Many studies have investigated CSDH recurrence. The factors reported to be associated with its recurrence after surgery include diabetes, anticoagulant therapy, lack of use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, male sex, the presence of bilateral hematomas, a midline shift of ≥1 cm, and presentation with hemiparesis, but the published results contain considerable variation [2,4,12,20-24]. In the present study, the only non-surgical factor found to be associated with recurrence was preoperative antiplatelet medication use.

CSDH is associated with high levels of vasoactive cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and fibrinolytic factors [8,13,25]. Saito et al. [26] reported that the risk of CSDH recurrence increased when high concentrations of these substances remained after surgery, implying that complete evacuation of hematoma during surgery is important. We expected that double burr-hole craniostomy with drainage catheter insertion after massive saline irrigation would remove residual cytokines and fibrinolytic factors more effectively than single burr-hole irrigation and thereby reduce the recurrence rate of CSDH.

The current treatment of choice for CSDH is burr-hole drainage [8], but the optimal surgical technique remains controversial [4]. Taussky et al. [13] reported a higher recurrence rate in a 34-case single burr-hole group than in a group containing 63 cases where two burr-holes were used, but Han et al. [27] reported a higher recurrence rate in a 129-case double burr-hole group than in a 51-case single burr-hole group. In addition, three relatively large retrospective studies reported no significant difference in the recurrence rate between single and double burr-hole procedures [2,28,29], which concurs with our observations.

Regarding the use of irrigation, Kim et al. [1] reported a higher recurrence rate in a 114-case saline irrigation group with closed drainage than in a 38-case non-irrigation group with closed drainage. Conversely, Ishibashi et al. [14], Jang et al. [8], and Lee et al. [5] reported better prognoses after irrigation. The present study also showed that the recurrence rate was significantly lower after intraoperative irrigation.

Based on our observation that intraoperative irrigation reduced CSDH recurrence, we suggest that additional research is needed to optimize the irrigation procedure. Shimamura et al. [11] compared the use of thrombin irrigation in 36 patients and saline irrigation in 43 patients and concluded that irrigation with thrombin solution reduced recurrence. In future research, we intend to investigate the effects of the composition and osmolarity of the irrigation solution on CSDH recurrence.

A number of studies have been conducted to identify factors associated with CSDH recurrence, but the present study is the first to compare the effects of the number of burr-holes and irrigation in a single cohort. However, the present study has the obvious limitations of bias and a small sample size, and is inherently limited by its retrospective, single-center design. A prospective, randomized, controlled study is required to resolve the issues arising from discrepancies in results across studies to enable us to meet the challenge posed by the high recurrence rate after burr-hole craniostomy for CSDH.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of CSDH is certain to increase in parallel with population aging, and ongoing research is therefore required to develop better treatments. In the present study, the overall recurrence rate of CSDH after burr-hole drainage surgery was 18.3%. In patients with a history of preoperative antiplatelet medication use, the recurrence rate was particularly high (53.3%), but other medical comorbidities were not found to be related to recurrence. However, the use of intraoperative irrigation was found to reduce the recurrence rate significantly, from 25.5% to 8.6%, whereas the number of burr-holes did not have any significant effect. Accordingly, we recommend active irrigation during burr-hole craniostomy in patients with CSDH.

REFERENCES

• 1. Kim DH, Kim HS, Choi HJ, Han IH, Cho WH, Nam KH. Recurrence of the chronic subdural hematoma after burr-hole drainage with or without intraoperative saline irrigation. Korean J Neurotrauma 2014;10:101–5. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 2. Gernsback J, Kolcun JPG, Jagid J. To drain or two drains: recurrences in chronic subdural hematomas. World Neurosurg 2016;95:447–50. ArticlePubMed
• 3. Erol FS, Topsakal C, Ozveren MF, Kaplan M, Tiftikci MT. Irrigation vs. closed drainage in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. J Clin Neurosci 2005;12:261–3. ArticlePubMed
• 4. Leroy HA, Aboukaïs R, Reyns N, Bourgeois P, Labreuche J, Duhamel A, et al. Predictors of functional outcomes and recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas. J Clin Neurosci 2015;22:1895–900. ArticlePubMed
• 5. Lee C, Park DS, Song SW, Chun YI, Cho J, Moon CT, et al. Effect of intra-operative saline irrigation during burr hole surgery on the recurrence for chronic subdural hematomas. Nerve 2015;1:26–9. ArticlePDF
• 6. Borger V, Vatter H, Oszvald Á, Marquardt G, Seifert V, Güresir E. Chronic subdural haematoma in elderly patients: a retrospective analysis of 322 patients between the ages of 65-94 years. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012;154:1549–54. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 7. Okada Y, Akai T, Okamoto K, Iida T, Takata H, Iizuka H. A comparative study of the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma--burr hole drainage versus burr hole irrigation. Surg Neurol 2002;57:405–9; discussion 410. ArticlePubMed
• 8. Jang KM, Kwon JT, Hwang SN, Park YS, Nam TK. Comparison of the outcomes and recurrence with three surgical techniques for chronic subdural hematoma: single, double burr hole, and double burr hole drainage with irrigation. Korean J Neurotrauma 2015;11:75–80. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 9. Santarius T, Lawton R, Kirkpatrick PJ, Hutchinson PJ. The management of primary chronic subdural haematoma: a questionnaire survey of practice in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Br J Neurosurg 2008;22:529–34. ArticlePubMed
• 10. Lega BC, Danish SF, Malhotra NR, Sonnad SS, Stein SC. Choosing the best operation for chronic subdural hematoma: a decision analysis. J Neurosurg 2010;113:615–21. ArticlePubMed
• 11. Shimamura N, Ogasawara Y, Naraoka M, Ohnkuma H. Irrigation with thrombin solution reduces recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma in high-risk patients: preliminary report. J Neurotrauma 2009;26:1929–33. ArticlePubMed
• 12. Tahsim-Oglou Y, Beseoglu K, Hänggi D, Stummer W, Steiger HJ. Factors predicting recurrence of chronic subdural haematoma: the influence of intraoperative irrigation and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012;154:1063–7; discussion 1068. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 13. Taussky P, Fandino J, Landolt H. Number of burr holes as independent predictor of postoperative recurrence in chronic subdural haematoma. Br J Neurosurg 2008;22:279–82. ArticlePubMed
• 14. Ishibashi A, Yokokura Y, Adachi H. A comparative study of treatments for chronic subdural hematoma: burr hole drainage versus burr hole drainage with irrigation. Kurume Med J 2011;58:35–9. ArticlePubMed
• 15. Kim JH, Kang DS, Kim JH, Kong MH, Song KY. Chronic subdural hematoma treated by small or large craniotomy with membranectomy as the initial treatment. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2011;50:103–8. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 16. Lee JK, Choi JH, Kim CH, Lee HK, Moon JG. Chronic subdural hematomas : a comparative study of three types of operative procedures. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2009;46:210–4. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 17. Zakaraia AM, Adnan JS, Haspani MSM, Naing NN, Abdullah JM. Outcome of 2 different types of operative techniques practiced for chronic subdural hematoma in Malaysia: an analysis. Surg Neurol 2008;69:608–15; discussion 616. ArticlePubMed
• 18. Regan JM, Worley E, Shelburne C, Pullarkat R, Watson JC. Burr hole washout versus craniotomy for chronic subdural hematoma: patient outcome and cost analysis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0115085. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 19. Javadi A, Amirjamshidi A, Aran S, Hosseini SH. A randomized controlled trial comparing the outcome of burr-hole irrigation with and without drainage in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a preliminary report. World Neurosurg 2011;75:731–6; discussion 620. ArticlePubMed
• 20. Weigel R, Hohenstein A, Schlickum L, Weiss C, Schilling L. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition for arterial hypertension reduces the risk of recurrence in patients with chronic subdural hematoma possibly by an antiangiogenic mechanism. Neurosurgery 2007;61:788–92; discussion 792. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 21. Lin CC, Lu YM, Chen TH, Wang SP, Hsiao SH, Lin MS. Quantitative assessment of post-operative recurrence of chronic subdural haematoma using mean haematoma density. Brain Inj 2014;28:1082–6. ArticlePubMed
• 22. Jung YG, Jung NY, Kim E. Independent predictors for recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015;57:266–70. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 23. Chon KH, Lee JM, Koh EJ, Choi HY. Independent predictors for recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012;154:1541–8. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 24. Tugcu B, Tanriverdi O, Baydin S, Hergunsel B, Günaldi Ö, Ofluoglu E, et al. Can recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma be predicted? A retrospective analysis of 292 cases. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2014;75:37–41. PubMed
• 25. Edlmann E, Giorgi-Coll S, Whitfield PC, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ. Pathophysiology of chronic subdural haematoma: inflammation, angiogenesis and implications for pharmacotherapy. J Neuroinflammation 2017;14:108. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 26. Saito K, Ito H, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto S. Plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor in chronic subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg 1989;70:68–72. ArticlePubMed
• 27. Han HJ, Park CW, Kim EY, Yoo CJ, Kim YB, Kim WK. One vs. two burr hole craniostomy in surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2009;46:87–92. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 28. Kansal R, Nadkarni T, Goel A. Single versus double burr hole drainage of chronic subdural hematomas. A study of 267 cases. J Clin Neurosci 2010;17:428–9. ArticlePubMed
• 29. Pahatouridis D, Alexiou GA, Fotakopoulos G, Mihos E, Zigouris A, Drosos D, et al. Chronic subdural haematomas: a comparative study of an enlarged single burr hole versus double burr hole drainage. Neurosurg Rev 2013;36:151–4; discussion 154. ArticlePubMedPDF

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Factors Associated with Recurrence in Chronic Subdural Hematoma following Surgery
  Kritsada Buakate, Thara Tunthanathip
  Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU.2024; 14(01): 085.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated With Short-Term Outcomes of Burr-Hole Craniostomy Associated With Brain Re-Expansion and Subdural Hematoma Shrinkage for Chronic Subdural Hematoma
  Gyubin Lee, Yeongyu Jang, Kum Whang, Sungmin Cho, Jongyeon Kim, Byeongoh Kim, Jongwook Choi
  Korean Journal of Neurotrauma.2023; 19(3): 324.     CrossRef